Carlos Ribeiro (1813–82)

Portuguese army officer, geologist, and politician. Enlisted in the army in 1833. Began geological research in 1840. Director of a number of coal mines, 1848; organised the section of mines, quarries, and geological works, founded the national mining service, and established the national geological survey in 1852. Founded the commission for geological works and organised the first topographical survey of Portugal in 1857. Studied the antiquity of humans in Portugal, 1866–8. Elected a deputy to Parliament, 1874. Helped to organise the International Congress of Anthropology and Prehistoric Archaeology, Lisbon, in 1880.