Joseph Louis François (Joseph) Bertrand (1822–1900)

French mathematician. Doctorate in mathematics, École polytechnique, Paris, 1839. Professor of elementary mathematics, Collège Saint-Louis, 1841–8. Tutor in analysis at the École polytechnique, 1844; professor, 1856–95. Permanent secretary, Académie des sciences, 1874. Worked in several areas including the theory of curved surfaces, probability, and the theory of errors.