Carl Ludwig (1816–95)

German physiologist. MD, Marburg, 1839; habilitated in physiology, 1842; professor extraordinarius, comparative anatomy, 1846. Professor of anatomy and physiology, Zurich, 1849. Professor of physiology, Leipzig, 1865; founded a new physiological institute (now the Carl Ludwig Institute for Physiology) in 1869. Invented several devices for medical research including the kymograph and mercurial blood pump, and wrote the influential Lehrbuch der Physiologie des Menschen (Textbook of human physiology) in 1852.