No summary available.

By this mail JDH has already written to WJH, Frances [Henslow], Colonel Sabine & Humboldt & is sending specimens of cloths for the RBG Kew museum. He has no news of his servant Clamanze reaching Calcutta [Kolkata] with his collections. He comments on the health & employment of [Thomas]Thomson[TT]. Illness caused TT to give up on his reports at Ferozepore [Firozpur]& go to Simla [Shimla], leaving his collections at Calcutta. Lord Dalhousie & the Court of Directors have refused to let TT join JDH. TT intends to join his regiment in the Punjab next Nov & then take leave to join JDH. Before leaving India TT will visit his cousin Sconce at Chittagong via the Cossya & Tiphera &JDH wants to go too. TT has been effected by the deaths of Professor Thompson & [George] Gardener. TT recommends WJH buy GG's collections through the agency of JDH & the Colonial Office. This would interfere with Borneo but JDH does not care where he is employed & leaves the decision to his father. JDH gives Bessy a message about his dog.

No summary available. This letter appears to continue into a diary entry.

JDH is en route to 'the snows'. A fragrant Artemisia sp. is common though atypical for the climate. Before leaving Darjeeling JDH sent RBG Kew: seeds, Sikkim, Bhotean & Thibethan cloth, tree fern sections, Amadou string , brick tea, a bamboo fishing basket of the Sikkim Mechis of the Terai, Lepcha & Thibetan weapons, flutes, Caryota cotton, Chinese tea called 'Dut-hang' , Bhotea cups, an elephant motif comb used by Ghorkhas [Gurkhas], red paste for marking caste, a letter from the Durmah Rajah on Daphne paper wrapped in silk, 'mech' cloth, a woollen 'do', a Mountain Armadillo cap, a flageolet, a hookah, shields & knives. He has also sent plants of Rhododendron dalhousiae, R. argentums, R. falconeri, Magnolia, Helmingia & Orchideae, to be forwarded through Mr Macrae. JDH had letters about [George] Gardener's death & his collections from Dr Fleming of the army in Ceylon [Sri Lanka] & from Wight. Clamanze has arrived with JDH's collections at the Calcutta Botanic Gardens, where Falconer is expected. JDH discusses the uncertain route of his Sikkim expedition & if he will be hindered by the Rajah & the Lasso Kaji: the lately rejected Vakeel, who could stop JDH crossing the Teesta. JDH's party comprises soldiers, [Brian Houghton] Hodgson's shooters, Lepchas, Sikkim Bhoteas. [Archibald] Campbell came as far as the Great Rungeet. JDH discusses his new servant's faults & the hospitable Cathcart. The ship 'Malabar' bringing Adye's instruments has reached Calcutta [Kolkata]. JDH mentions Captain Mac Luckie's account of a sea serpent in the ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS, identified by Prof Owen as a seal. Discusses some barley, the health of Thomas Thomson, & Wallich & McLeland's quarrels reported by Dr O'Shaugnessy. Further up the mountain JDH has collected: a yellow Cymbidium; a funny tree resembling 'Putraajira', which he will identify using Endlicher's book; & Wallichia. This letter will be taken to Dajeeling by Tcheba Lama. The Rajah has sent Hooker his old guide Meepo.

JDH tells Miss [Frances] Henslow how kind the mountain people are to him. He describes his travelling camp, comprising Coolies & Sidars who attend JDH & carry his instruments, a Bhotea interpreter, a Havildar or corporal, sepas, shooters & bird stuffers of [Brian Houghton] Hodgson's & carriers to transport supplies such as food, tents & paper. JDH's only fear is that the Sikkim Rajah may cause trouble & frighten his men, who are nearly all cowards. JDH discusses the behaviour of the Rajah which has been obstructive behind a veneer of politeness, JDH travels on regardless. The Teheba Lama, who Hooker knows from the Teesta, has visited JDH as representative of the Rajah & explained that a letter should have been delivered by the Lassoo Kaji informing JDH he could not proceed until the Rajah had observed a period of mourning for his son but Kaji was disgraced by [Archibald] Campbell & did not deliver the letter. JDH did not give credence to this excuse & the Teheba Lama guaranteed JDH safe passage but he expects to be obstructed again before a guide finally appears.

JDH is at Choongtam Convents waiting for food supplies suited to his mens' religious beliefs. The Rajah has sent JDH a guide, Meepo, but continues to obstruct him in various ways, which JDH explains, & has ordered JDH return to Darjeeling. JDH refused, reminded him he is a guest of Lord Dalhousie, Governor General of India & demanded all communication be via Dr [Archibald] Campbell[AC]. JDH deals with the Rajah's inhospitality by showing no weakness but being kind to his officials & people, feeding them & providing medical care. JDH describes some spectacular new Rhododendrons & drawings he has made of them. He has also found novel Orchideae & gathered an Aristolochia, Androsaces, Primula & more in a wood of Abies brunoniana & he has only just reached the alpine vegetation. JDH will proceed to the passes leading to Thibet [Tibet], first Lachong, then Lachen but will not cross: the Rajah forbids it. JDH describes his normal daily routine. When not marching his time is spent organising camp, making observations on altitude & climate, catching insects, drying & examining plants & writing notes & letters. JDH describes what he wears to stay warm, dry & protected from the sun & leeches whilst marching. He carries tobacco to give the natives & also uses it to repel leeches. The weather is tolerable but late lying snow hinders his research. The scenery is grand & JDH does not miss society. AC has aided JDH extensively but has proved unreliable with food supplies. JDH asks his mother for news of Josephine Richardson & the Palgraves inc. Frank, Gifford & Reginald. He responds to his mother's request for a neck chain, which he may buy in Dacca. JDH mentions: Prince Albert's comments on Eastlake's marriage to E. Rigby; the health of Aunt Hannah under Mr Webber's care; & Hensleigh Wedgewood's case. JDH has collected Lyellia crispa. AC hopes to be appointed Resident at Nepal & JDH will go with him to Cattmandu [Kathmandu] & visit Wallich's Gossain Than [Gosainthan].

No summary available.

JDH describes, to [Archibald] Campbell [AC], his ascent of a 17000 foot mountain, during which he found new Rhododendrons, primroses & other alpine things. He finds on average 10 new plants a day. He describes the kinds of Rhododendron on the hill, the most common is Mearinase's[?]. Describes the view of the Zemu & Kinchin [Kanchenjunga] towards Thibet [Tibet] including a Rhododendron covered valley which he later tried to reach with Nimbo, Palesbull & Meepo, only to find it was inaccessible & the route to the pass is not by the head of the Lachen [includes small sketch map]. JDH thinks his current longitude is past the Himalaya crest, though further North lie the 'Powhinry?' [Pauhunri?]. JDH describes the unique vegetation of the Nepal passes. His men are trying to bridge the river. JDH is glad of supplies from AC, as at Bhomsong he is thin & hungry. He details the good weather conditions that allow him to explore every day. He calls the place 'a howling wilderness' with no animals, only snow & avalanches of stone, 1 of which nearly crushed Kinchin [his dog]. JDH recommends that if AC wants to travel to high altitudes he only take roads or passes e.g Tongra. Meepo is ordered to take JDH no further through the pass than a bridge this side of the Latong plain. Botanical collecting is satisfactory, has doubled JDH's Darjeeling flora & garnered 30 Rhododendrons. JDH has a rain register to compare with Darjeeling, will send flowers for Mrs Rowling's & requests Thullier's letter. Illustrated with a sketch titled 'my cake & I' captioned with a rhyme about not sharing cake with his dog. JDH discusses Bhotea [Bhotia] tribes who inhabit the Cachan above Limbos & Ghorkas [Gorkhas] in Nepal, & Hairos[?], Murims[?] & Lepchas in Sikkim. Translates some Bhotia words. Mentions salt trade with Tibet. The Bhotias name for Bhootan [Bhutan] is Lhop or Country of the Dhurmah Rajah. All the people in the region incl. Little Bucharia & Soongaria are Buddhists who practice Lamaism.

Map of JDH’s route from Darjeeling showing the Lachen & Lachong passes, the Chola range & his location near the Thibet [Tibet] frontier. He can see the source of the Lachen [River] at the base of Kinchin [Kinchinjunga]. JDH wrote to his mother from Choongtam & to Bentham from Lachen. The villagers are indifferent to JDH's expedition. He draws on the granary that Campbell stored for him at Choongtam. A purple Dentaria & a Polygonum make excellent pot herbs. He describes explorations through scrub of Wallich’s Rhododendron campanulatum, different to WJH’s in 'Botanical Magazine', & the vegetation of the area. JDH discusses his instruments and study of geology & geography. The Rajah has made threats for if JDH enters Thibet. JDH plans to travel up the Rungeet to Jongri. JDH discusses the prospect of going to Borneo for government. He wonders why Lobb is not sent to Darjeeling as he could get Veitch a good collection. JDH aims to open the way for explorers after him. The Rajah has gone to Chumbi & ordered the villages to share food with JDH. He discusses western Borneo & does not believe[James] Brooke’s account, especially after spending time with the Dutch East India Company. JDH would do better at RBG Kew than Borneo, despite his yearning to travel. He discusses government purchasing WJH’s herbarium & library. Graham’s fetched £900. JDH urges WJH to speak to Lord Carlisle about Borneo. Lord Auckland's death does not negate JDH’s obligations. JDH discusses finances; Findley advised him things were bad in Calcutta [Kolkata]. He is sorry the Coelogynes arrived dead; Macrae will attend to further roots sent. Falconer has written to him, JDH fears the H.E.I. [Honorable East India Company] gardens are in trouble. Lord Dalhousie does not care for science. JDH discusses how best to send collections home. Mrs Lawrence succeeded with the Amherstia. JDH discusses identification of Rhododendrons & D.C.[De Candolle’s] divisions of genera. Humbolt complained to JDH about Pentland.

JDH has received letters from WJH, Lady Maria Hooker, his Aunt & Uncle Palgrave & Elizabeth [his sister]. After JDH crossed the river into Tibet, the Bhotans sent word of 140 Tibetan soldiers approaching to turn him out. The Bhot Soubah begged to be absolved of blame; which JDH arranged with Campbell in Darjeeling. JDH describes the vegetation & scenery. He eats 'Chokli-bi' daily which is a Smilacina. One of his Rhododendron collections was ruined on the way to Darjeeling. The Sikkim Rajah is troublesome & JDH has difficulty getting food despite Campbell sending some. JDH is glad WJH liked his fungi & has nothing more to say about Borneo. The Admiralty would like him to give it up. JDH discusses [George] Gardner’s effects. JDH discusses publications; he will let Reeves publish anything but the journals which are for the RBG Kew Annals. Peel will be happy with Hoya. JDH has written a severe letter to Falconer & thinks the [Calcutta] garden is in trouble. He discusses postal methods; parcels to Colvile will not be free. JDH wants Phillips to buy the Rumphian wood cabinet on his behalf; Brown will have it for the British Museum. WJH should tell Veitch to send Lobb to Darjeeling; he can accompany JDH when he returns there in Oct. JDH is grateful for Pentland’s letter but his observations of the horary oscillations differ, as shown by his barometer readings. Sabine has proved the theories he alludes to. No traveller has a meteorological record comparable to JDH’s. Thomson wrote from Simla [Shimla] & plans to join JDH in Dec. JDH will write to thank Sir E.T.[Emerson Tennent] regarding Ceylon [Sri Lanka]. Cecil Beadon will forward WJH some opium things for the museum. Wight is also sending WJH things; JDH praises his ICONES. He is sorry to hear of Endlicher’s death. JDH is collecting moths which he stifles in Cajuput [oil] & stores in tissue paper. He eats musk deer & wild leeks. He mentions Wallich, Lindley & Fortune.

JDH writes to [Charles] Darwin [CD], having read his letter & the one to Hodgson with interest. He expresses his sympathy for CD’s bereavement & H. Wedgewood’s pecuniary loss. JDH discusses CD’s health. The Rajah is being difficult but JDH refers all his grievances to [Archibald] Campbell at Darjeeling. He has reached the Tibetan borders north east of Darjeeling but his Lepchas are afraid. JDH discusses food & provisions; he is clear of the 'malarious' valleys. He wishes to compare the cis & trans slopes but cannot go into Tibet. He compares the landscape to Salvator Rosa’s paintings. The vegetation is rhododendron scrub with pines below. JDH describes exploring the Terai plains & discusses the geology & history of the Himalayas. JDH discusses the particulars & possible glacial formation of the Yangma Valley lake beds & terraces & includes small sketches. He refers to CD’s remarks on the granite construct of the Cordillera [Letter appears incomplete]

JDH wrote to Lindley, asking him to inform WJH of his wellbeing. They have had bad weather & dwindling food stores since JDH last wrote. They are now at the fork of the river immediately above Lachen. The Bhoteas [Bhotias] have reported that Chinese Lepchas are coming to drive them away & they heard that 60 Tibetans seized JDH’s plants. He sent the Coolie Sirdar to retrieve them as Meepo was too afraid & he reported seeing huge Tibetans called Sikars[?]. JDH describes an encounter with the men at camp & is not sure if he had crossed the Tibetan border or not. Their rice finally arrived after his people found a circuitous route to Choongtam & another load came from Darjeeling along with letters from Campbell & Humboldt. JDH’s servant Clements is ill in Calcutta [Kolkata] & Falconer has engaged another man for him named de Cruz[?], probably one of the Del Crusca[?] family. JDH describes some of the plants he has collected & discusses the drawings & specimens he is sending to RBG Kew. JDH writes of the new genera of Rhododendron & has collected woods all along the Teesta River. He requests a new pocket lens; Mr Ward will know the type as he got one for Thomson. The Rajah has sent a man to resolve the difficulties & sends gifts of silk, fine Tibetan cloth & curious fruits named ‘Gundroom’ from Persia, of which he includes a sketch. JDH is sorry WJH cannot get a man for Ceylon [Sri Lanka]; he thinks Thwaites could be suitable & will encourage him to renew his attention to systematic botany to qualify himself. He will write to Frances [Henslow] next mail. The list of unidentified Orchidaceae Smith sent are undoubtedly JDH's.

JDH has written to Frances [Henslow] & since then has stood on the table plateau beyond the Sikkim boundary. He thought the Tchebu Lama’s letter had removed all difficulties, however Campbell had misunderstood. The Singtam Soubah is a good man but JDH describes difficulties with the Lachen Soubah & the Choongtam Lama. Everybody he met denied the existence of the Kongra Lama pass. The Rajah asked him to return to Darjeeling but JDH refused. The Soubah has been in Lhasa Dijauhi[?] & promised to take JDH to Tungu, but JDH had promised not to enter Tibet or 'Cheen'. After JDH treated the Singtam Soubah when he was ill, the man agreed to take him to Kongra Lama & told him that Tungu was actually in Sikkim. Samdong, the bridge, is 8 miles north of the Lachen River. The Soubah of Lachen made his apologies & the Bhoteans are civil to him again. JDH describes their journey. Tibetans use the route to graze their yaks & make butter which they eat with Fagopyrum bread. He discusses the churns they use. JDH describes visiting Peppin’s [the Lachen Soubah] camp with his dog Kinchin. They then travelled between Kinchin –jow & Chomiomo until they reached a ridge connecting the two on which a cairn stood. JDH was finally at the back of the Himalayas; comparing it to Kanglachan &Wallanchoon[?]. He discusses the snow line. He made a sketch of the landscape. The vegetation was sparse but he got good barometer readings. JDH returned on a sure-footed Tartar pony. He cannot stay there long as the road to Choongtam is too poor for food to be collected. His men often fall ill between Choongtam & Darjeeling but he treats them with quinine & calomel. JDH will not return to Darjeeling until Sep or Oct.

JDH is en route to Lachoong [Lachung] Pass but must first dry & send his plants to Darjeeling. He has many from the Lachen valley & wanted to stay longer despite the Rajah. [Archibald] Campbell [AC] writes of a lot of fever between there & Darjeeling but the Lachung road is safer. He wants Astragali, Cruciferae etc. from the Tibetan slopes or the table-land of Lachen. JDH took a Tartar pony up to 17000ft. He is now at 6000ft & describes the varied vegetation. He thinks the dangers are exaggerated, despite the discomfort of leeches. WJH’s letter arrived with PS from Lord Carlisle. He is glad the government has given up the Borneo grant. The Indian troops say Borneo is worse than Hindustan. [James] Brookes defends it only as a Naval depot. JDH is annoyed with AC’s politeness towards the Rajah; he had to rely on the Soubah’s help. JDH & AC also disagree about the location of the Tibet frontier at Neenla[?]. JDH will send seeds & roots of Jatamansi for the museum. Thomson is still at Simla [Shimla]. JDH will not take magnetic observations for the R.H.[Royal Horticultural?] Society unless Sabine sends the insgtruments. He dismisses the aneroid & would rather Newman send another small barometer. Muller has bought the instruments last sent; Hodgson also wants some as does Mr Middlesmiss[?] who cultivates tea at Khersiong. He congratulates WJH on Thwaites appointment & will write to him at Ceylon [Sri Lanka] about the importance of systematic botany & the 'Flora Zeylanica'. He is glad WJH has written to Jenkins & that Stevens does well. The seeds in Wallich’s letter were for WJH. He discusses the oaks & chestnuts there, his opinions on Spruce, Rhododendron formosum & the Palaeontographical Society. He will write to Bentham. JDH complains of Reeves, who has neglected sending copies of JDH's works. All India loves RHODODENDRONS OF THE SIKKIM-HIMLAYA. WJH should beware of Pentland who takes credit for Humboldt’s discovery.

JDH writes to his mother [Lady Maria Hooker] from Choongtam. He has been successful in his trip to the pass at Lachen & the plateau of Tibet. JDH discusses [Archibald] Campbell’s & [Brian Houghton] Hodgson’s attempts to get Lord Dalhousie & the Indian Government to defray JDH’s expenses. JDH declined the offer as he did not want to cause animosity with the E.I.C. [East Indian Company]. JDH talks of the successes of his Rhododendron book & jungle journal extracts which were printed in the Asiatic Society’s Journal. He would like WJH’s telescope sent out, & suggests sending it to Carey or Dolland for repair. He would like to be able to observe the eclipses of Jupiter’s satellites. JDH discusses the sale of Newman’s & Adie’s instruments in Calcutta [Kolkata]. He wants a Kater Azimuth Compass as his is borrowed from CaptainThuillier, Deputy Surgeon General.

JDH has received WJH's letter & discusses the sale of [George] Gardner's herbarium & library. He thinks Thomas Thomson would be a large purchaser. If it were valued & put on sale, JDH, WJH, Bentham & Thomson might subscribe with Lindley & Brown to buy the Cingalore portion. JDH is anxious of Thwaites's success as a botanist. He is glad WJH passed Lord Carlisle's note to [Brian Houghton] Hodgson. JDH discusses the Rhododendron books Falconer wrote his opinion of Reeves. He thanks WJH for the copies of his Journal & the Admiralty Manual. Falconer reports that all 150 Rhododendron roots were dead on arrival at Calcutta [Kolkata]. JDH discusses sending more. He cannot get Cupressus funebris; Larch & Abies brunoniana are fruiting . He describes A. webbiana, A. spinulosa does not grow at the Lachoong [Lachung] valley. He has asked [Archibald] Campbell to let him visit Lachen again & talks of the results of his Tibetan cruise & of reaching the Tibetan plateau. He has recently returned from visiting a pass within 10 miles of Pari & Holy Mount Chumalari, which leads to Choombi [Chumbi], though only at the height of Kongra Lama [The end of this letter is missing but a copy of the complete letter can be found at JDH_1_10_201-203 (JHC No.91)].

[This is a more complete manuscript copy of the incomplete original letter found at JDH/1/10 f.200 (JHC90)]. JDH has received WJH's letter & discusses the sale of [George] Gardner's herbarium & library. He thinks Thomas Thomson [TT] would be a large purchaser. If it were valued & put on sale, JDH, WJH, Bentham & TT might subscribe with Lindley & Brown to buy the Cingalore portion. JDH is anxious of Thwaites's success as a botanist. He is glad WJH passed Lord Carlisle's note to [Brian Houghton] Hodgson. JDH discusses the Rhododendron books Falconer wrote & his opinion of Reeves. He thanks WJH for the copies of his Journal & the Admiralty Manual. Falconer reports that all 150 Rhododendron roots were dead on arrival at Calcutta [Kolkata]. JDH discusses sending more. He cannot get Cupressus funebris; Larch & Abies brunoniana are fruiting. He describes A. webbiana, A. spinulosa does not grow at the Lachoong [Lachung] valley. He has asked [Archibald] Campbell [AC] to let him visit Lachen again & talks of the results of his Tibetan cruise & of reaching the Tibetan plateau. He has recently returned from visiting a pass within 10 miles of Pari & Holy Mount Chumalari, which leads to Choombi [Chumbi], though only at the height of Kongra Lama. JDH describes his journey to Kankola, including the vegetation, landscape & weather. He has received letters from Bentham, TT – who intends to join him in November for the Khasya cruise – & Major Madden. Sir James & Miss Colville have gone to Ceylon [Sri Lanka]; Sir Lawrence Peel talks of coming to Darjeeling & AC of joining JDH in October. TT declined Lord Dalhousie’s offer of a medical appointment. JDH discusses his finances. He discusses WJH approaching the Woods & Forests Committee on his behalf & asks to be remembered to Mr Melville of India House. JDH has accepted help from the H.E.I.C.. AC wrote to WJH with 2 copies of JDH's Tonglo Journal from the Asiatic Society's journal. JDH is enclosing a map, seeds & a packet for Falconer.

[Marked as 'extract of a letter'] JDH writes of the loss of his dog Kinchin, who was drowned in the Lachung River. JDH describes the rattan & bamboo cane bridges that span the river & how his dog fell from one. He is now on his way to another pass in North East Sikkim. He describes the landscape & vegetation which reminds him of an English copse. It includes Great Thistles, nettles, dock, & shepherd's purse -- Groudsels, Strawberries, Potentilla, & bramble, willow, poplar, maples, Alder, birch & oak There is less of the deep forest than at Darjeeling, & he enjoys the climate & botany much more but misses [Brian Houghton] Hodgson and his library.

JDH has received the books from his mother [Maria Sarah Hooker] & is delighted with the KEW ANNALS. His SOANE JOURNAL reads well. [Brian Houghton] Hodgson gave him the information about Jains. He is finding Turner’s TIBET interesting & will forward a copy from [Archibald] Campbell [AC]. The purses from Bessy [Elizabeth Hooker] et cetera are ready to be sent to their destinations; he sends his thanks to her & his grandmother & also Tom Brigbach, for the razors. JDH discusses a disagreement with the Choongtam Lama involving a Lepcha who he had employed as a hunter with the backing of the Singtam Soubah. He reported it to AC but expects no redress. JDH writes of the opposition he has faced from the Sikkim Rajah & the lack of support from AC, who has many political shortcomings. He sent seeds to [Hugh] Falconer yesterday & is pleased with Reeves’s subscription list for the RHODODENDRONS [OF THE SIKKIM-HIMALAYA]. He has called one Rhododendron 'Hodgsonia'. JDH has received a letter from Edgeworth who holds a Commissionership in the Punjab. Tayler is sending his portrait of JDH home; Fitch should copy it although Tayler will be angry. JDH asks his mother to send him a 'scribbling diary' & 'Nautical Almanac'. He details the money he has drawn. Thomson writes in good health. JDH writes of his collections & asks if they are growing at RBG Kew. He is sending many more pines & Rhododendrons for Kew via Darjeeling. He discusses Madden’s paper & the phenomenon of plants flowering earlier at higher elevations & requests an actinometer to measure solar radiation.

JDH wrote to WJH from Yeumtong [Yumthang] & has since been into Tibet by the Donkiah Pass - northwest of Chumalari [mountain] & 30 miles beyond the Himalayan range, like Kongra Lama. The pass is different from the Nepal ones, being very narrow between the mountains Donkiah-lah & Kinchin-jhow. JDH describes the landscape & route of the Lachoong River towards Choongtam & the Lachen River across the Cholamu plains. From the top he could see hills of quartz tinged with iron oxide. He does not doubt that the water north of him & west of the Painomchoo feeds the Arun [river]. The Bhotian people do not distinguish between the ranges. JDH sketches a map of the region. The lakes are inferior to those of Lachong. JDH discusses the elevations of the landscape. He cannot go much further owing to Sikkim opposition & Chinese outposts. They are now cut off from Darjeeling & supplies are dwindling. The Singtam Soubah accompanied him to the pass but has now left. JDH describes the curious flora there, along with the landscape. He compares the valley to the crater of a volcano. JDH describes how a sudden snowstorm smashed his thermometer but the barometer, given to him by Henslow, was miraculously unscathed. The thermometer Sabine sent him arrived just in time. He is also glad of the barometer tubes from Newmann. JDH found rock formations similar to those of Cockburn Island. JDH describes his collections & the local wildlife which includes migratory birds.