Charles Bradlaugh had been repeatedly elected MP for Northampton. He initially refused to take the required oath on the grounds of unbelief; his offer of an affirmation was refused, as was his later offer to take the oath. (ODNB.) In a letter to George Howard Darwin on 28 February 1882 (DAR 210.3: 41), Emma Darwin wrote, ‘The Bradlaugh affair is disgusting & why they did not accept his offer of lying by until an affirmation bill was brought in I can’t think— It is the only just way out of the scrape—’ Bradlaugh’s expulsion from Parliament was reported in The Times, 23 February 1882, p. 8.