From Edward Blyth   [8 November 1855]¹

Notes for M^r. Darwin.

You will be surprised to learn that there is actually no Sanscrit word for a rose!² That given in Monier Williams’s Sanscrit Dictionary³ signifies the common ‘Shoe Flower’ (as here called), or Hibiscus rosa-sinensis!!! The petals of which are used for cleaning shoes. A most abundant plant, of which three double varieties are common, viz. crimson, red-salmon-coloured, & yellow-salmon-coloured; but the single crimson-flowered variety is much the handsomest to my eye. Roses would appear to have been unknown in India prior to the Musalmán invasion! And throughout India they bear the name Guláb, which properly means rose-water. Gul is Persian; & I think áb too, for water, as it is also our Hindustani term; wherefore Gul-áb, Rose-water (‘Guláb Singh’ to wit)—pánj-ab, the country of the 5 waters, or rivers, (Greek penta!)—do-ab, an equivalent for Mesopotamia, &c. A servant who attends to the drinking-water is the Ábdar. But why the flower should be called Gul-áb}, deponent saith not.—

I have not yet seen, & look forward with much interest to read, what Hooker and Thomson have written on the general subject of species & varieties of plants, in their Flora Indica; embracing (if I understand aright) some speculations on the origin of species.⁴ Thomson has been my neighbour for some months; within a few miles:⁵ but I have not yet been able to find time to spend a day with him, though pressingly asked to do so. Now that the cold weather has fairly set in, I mean to do so soon. From conversation with him, I infer that they sweep away generally acknowledged species of plants by wholesale!— What has become of Ogilby, formerly Secretary of the Zool^l. Society?⁶ I don’t think that I have heard of him since I left England.

—In a conversation just now with the brothers Blanford⁷ (two clever youths who have just come out to join the Gov^t. Geol^l. Survey from the School of Mines), I learn that the much lamented Prof. E. Forbes anticipated me in the remark which I made to you respecting the domestication of the Turkey by the aboriginal Americans. ⁸ It surely must have occurred, however, to any qualified naturalist who had read Prescott’s⁹ & other works on the conquest of Mexico. I remember mentioning it also to Dixon;¹⁰ & can only wonder that it has not long been generally accepted doctrine, whereas I was not aware that it had ever been brought specially to notice.— Are you aware that the old Peruvians had domestic Dogs, regular parti-coloured curs! Vide Tschudi’s plates on Peruvian Antiquities. (Pl. 23, I think);¹¹ & I especially call your attention to this. Whence derived? From the Mexican Coyote (C. ochropus of Eschscholtz)?¹² An animal of very Jackal-like habits! I know of no true wild Canis (with circular pupils) W. of the Andes! For a tolerably good Etruscan (or really Greek?) figure of the antique Grai-hound, Canis graius , Romanorum, see the ‘Bulletin Archéologique de l’Athénæum Français’ for July last.¹³ The same style of dog recurs frequently in Greek sculptures.

—I have been having a long talk with M^r. W. Robinson (author of a well known work on Asám,¹⁴ I did & who has lived some 18 years in that province, all concerning which has been his study). not, however, then go much into the topics in which you are now specially interested. Still I learn from him that Otters are extensively trained & used for fishing along the whole course of the Brahmaputra, from the extreme east of Upper Asám, i.e. the head of the long valley; the species being Lutra chinensis. Cormorants never (though Ph. carbo is not uncommon); and so far as I can yet make out, the employment of Cormorants is confined to the Chinese (in China). The tame Geese of Asám are of the mixed race, like ours here; & tame Rabbits have found their way there. The domestic Cat is of the grey streakless race seen here.— I have just got a lot of bird-skins, from Asám; & have secured for you a fine skin of a jungle-cock, which precisely resembles the Bengal race. I have also got for you another skin of one from Malacca; which, like all others that I have seen from the Malayan peninsula & from Java, is more intensely coloured than our Indian bird. I think too, that the ear-lappet is not white; as constantly in our bird, & also in the Spanish domestic race; but red like the comb: and the legs seem coarse, & shew a yellow tinge, instead of the decided slaty-blue of our bird. Moreover this Malayan & Burmese race is certainly far more domesticable, why so I cannot say! And is therefore the probable source of all our tame fowls. But how did these first get into Egypt, malgré the obstinate prejudices of the Hindus! A large portion of the population of India never was Hindu, either in race or creed. I have seen fowls in profusion among the Sont’háls. Possibly through Arab (or say Semitic) commerce even at that remote period. They were familiar to Homer; but enough!