Mon cher Monsieur
Il y a bien longtemps que j’aurais désiré de vous ecrire d’autant plus que je devais vous remercier des different mémoires et brochures que vous avez eu la bonté de m’envoyer. J’avais espéré de vous rencontrer quelque part en Suisse mais il parait que vous n’y êtes pas venus, au moins dans les deux mois d’été que j’y ai passé. J’ai eu le plaisir de voir à Pise M. et Mde Sabine et nous avons beaucoup causé de vous et de vos travaux. J’ai donné à M. Sabine un petit appareil que j’ai fait faire dernierement pour montrer et mesurer la difference de conductibilité du bismuth axial et equatorial. Avec cela il y a quatre tiges de bismuth, deux de chaque qualité. Il ne manque plus pour faire l'expérience que d'avoir un galvanomêtre différentiel et il suffit qu'il soit fait d'un double fil de cuivre qui fait 15 a 20 tours autour d’un bon système astatique. J'ai prié M. Sabine de vous donner tout celà. Mais en cas que vous vouliez faire l'experience je vous prie d'avoir soin de bien amalgamer les extrémités des tiges en plongeant ces extremités dans du mercure pur et legerement chauffé. Il est aussi essentiel que ces extremités plongent egalement dans le mercure contenu dans les petites cavités de l’appareil. Enfin, une fois qu’on s’est assuré qu’avec les deux tiges de cuivre et les deux petits axes du même métal, les deux circuits du galvanometre sont egaux, il faut enlever les tiges de cuivre et mettre à leur place celles de bismuth [sans rien bouger au reste].2 Il faut encore eviter de tenir fermé le circuit de la pile pour plus qu’il n’est necessaire pour voir le sens de la déviation. C’est à peu près un tiers ou un demi seconde. En essayant les deux tiges de bismuth de la même espece, il est presque impossible de ne pas avoir quelque deviation. Si les tiges ont été bien réduites des mêmes dimensions, les différences sont très petites et autrement celà serà du à quelque defaut d’expérience. En comparant une tige axiale et une equatoriale la différence est grande et constante. Je vous demande pardon d’avoir insisté sur ces petits détails car j’ai été obligé de quitter Pise [avant le départ de M. Sabine]3 et le jour même que mon Mécanicien a préparé les tiges de bismuth, de sorte que je n’ai pu m’assurer de leur exactitude. J’espère qu’elles seront bien, car ce Mécanicien a acquis une grande habitude et il travaille avec un bon comparateur de Froment. .
Je viens d’achever mon memoire sur les courants du disque d’Arago et j’espere bientot pouvoir vous en envoyer un exemplaire. En attendant je m’occupe de reunir mes experiences sur le diamagnetisme que je poursuis depuis trois ans presque sans interruption. Malheureusement mes resultats ne peuvent pas se dire en deux mots.
Croyez-moi | tres affectuesement | C. Matteucci | Pise. 13 Sept. 1856.
My dear Sir,
I have been wanting to write to you for a long time, especially as I had to thank you for the various memoirs and brochures4 that you were kind enough to send me. I had hoped to meet you somewhere in Switzerland, but I heard you did not visit, at least not during the two summer months that I spent there. I had the pleasure of meeting with Mr and Mrs Sabine5 in Pisa, and we talked a lot about you and your work. I gave Mr Sabine a small device that I had recently made to demonstrate and to measure the difference in the conductivity of axial and equatorial bismuth. With this there are four rods of bismuth, two of each quality.6 The only thing missing to conduct the experiment is having a differential galvanometer and it suffices if this is made out of a double copper wire that wraps 15 to 20 times around a good astatic system.7 I asked Mr Sabine to give you all of it. But if you decide to conduct the experiment, I urge you to take care to fuse together the ends of the rods by dipping them in pure and slightly heated mercury. It is also essential that these ends are plunged in the mercury while held into the small cavities of the device as well. Finally, once it is certain the two circuits of the galvanometer are equal with the two copper rods and the two small axes of the same metal, the copper rods must be removed and replaced with those made of bismuth, without changing the rest [of the device]8. Then, the circuit of the battery should not be closed for longer than is necessary to see the direction of the deviation. [It is about a third or a half a second.]9 While trying the two bismuth rods of the same type it is almost impossible not to have some deviation. If the rods were properly shortened to equal size,10 the differences are very small; otherwise it will be due to some fault in the experiment. The difference is greatest when comparing an axial rod and an equatorial one. I beg your pardon for insisting on these minute details, for I had to leave Pisa before Mr Sabine’s departure and on the very day my mechanic11 had prepared the bismuth rods, so I was not able to ensure12 their exactness. I hope that they will be good, since this mechanic has acquired great skill and he works with a good comparative device13 designed by Froment.14
I have just completed my memoir on the currents of Arago’s disk,15 and I hope to be able to send you a copy of it soon. In the meantime, I am busy putting together my experiments on diamagnetism, which I have worked on for three years almost without any interruptions. Unfortunately my results cannot be described in two words.
Sincerely | My best regards | C. Matteucci | Pisa 13.Sept 1856
RI MS JT/1/M/59
Matteucci: Unlike the other Matteucci letters in the collection, this letter is written in a neat clear hand of either his wife or a secretary. Two interpolations in Matteucci’s own handwriting are noted below.
Sans rien bouger au reste: interpolation in Matteucci’s hand.
avant le depart de M. Sabine et: interpolation in Matteucci’s hand.
various memoirs and brochures: presumably offprints of Tyndall’s papers, though what ‘brochures’ refers to, is unclear.
Mrs Sabine: Elizabeth Juliana Sabine (née Leeves) (1807–79), whom Sabine married in 1826. She translated Humboldt’s Cosmos and several other scientific works into English.
two of each quality: that is, two samples of bismuth axial in conductivity, and two samples equatorial in conductivity.
a good astatic system: Matteucci was referring to the astatic galvanometer in which the disturbing effect of the earth’s magnetic field is eliminated by fusing two magnetic needles together with their poles reversed. This produced a net magnetic field of zero and no preferred direction to the earth’s magnetic field.
of the device: interpolation in Matteucci’s hand.
It is about a third or a half second: interpolation in Matteucci’s hand.
in equal size: or, to the same size.
my mechanic: not identified.
I was not able to ensure: or, I was unable to check up on.
a good comparative device: or, measuring device.
Froment: Paul-Gustav Froment (1815–65), Parisian instrument-maker and electrical engineer. The specific instrument mentioned has not been identified.
Arago’s disk: When a copper disk carrying a centrally–mounted compass needle is rotated by means of a crank and pulley system, the compass needle begins to rotate due to eddy currents induced by the disk. The effect was first noted by Dominique Arago in 1824. Matteucci’s investigation of the device was reported as: ‘Mémoire sur l’État Électrique Induit dans un Disque Métallique Tournant en Presence de l’Aimant”, Paris, Comptes Rendus, 43 (1856), pp. 286–8.
Please cite as “Tyndall1277,” in Ɛpsilon: The John Tyndall Collection accessed on